Science

Glaciers have historically determined the boundary between Italy and Switzerland in the Alps. Now, their melting has led the two countries to redraw a small section of their border over the past year and revived concerns of how climate change might impact mountain communities around the world in the coming years. Glaciers form the borders of many countries—ranging from those in the Andes that separate Chile from Argentina to the Siachen Glacier, which marks the northern point of the Line of Control in the disputed Kashmir region between India and Pakistan. Glaciers in the Alps define the borders between Italy and a number of countries, including Switzerland and Austria. However, climate change is leading global temperatures to rise, and high-mountain areas are warming even more rapi...

Tattoos printed onto a person’s scalp can detect electrical activity in the brain and carry signals to a recording deviceNanshu Lu Analysing brainwaves could be made easier by printing a temporary tattoo onto a person’s head. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a way of measuring electrical activity in the brain via electrodes placed on the scalp. It can be used to test patients for neurological conditions such as epilepsy, tumours or injury from stroke or traumatic impacts to the head. Because people’s skulls vary in size and shape, technicians have to spend considerable amounts of time measuring and marking the scalp to get accurate readings. A gel helps the electrodes detect brain signals, but it stops working well as it dries. The cables that connect to the electr...

Most of us don’t think much about electric charge, apart from in those annoying moments when our phones run out of it. But for physicists, it is a big deal. In every atom, negatively charged electrons orbit a nucleus containing positively charged protons, with the whole dance sustained by their mutual attraction. It would be fair to say, then, that charge is about as fundamental as it gets. This explains why physicists have long been at such pains to understand its nature, and for the most part they have been successful. But there is one question that has always hung in the air, unanswered. It seems that the smallest possible unit of charge is that of an electron – all other naturally occurring particles only have multiples of this. In nature, you can find charges of ...

Olivia Palma and a Shipibo elder in Caimito, Peru, filming a mini-documentary for Emergence Magazine. Photo Credit: Jeremy Seifert Olivia Palma used to think there was a disconnect between her interests in humanitarian work and environmental activism. But after finishing college at Lehigh University, Palma began working with an Indigenous community in Peru on conservation efforts in the Amazon; through this project, she started to understand the inherent overlap between the fields—and where she might be able to lend a hand. As a current student in Columbia Climate School’s M.A. in Climate and Society program, Palma is honing her skills of serving as a knowledge bridge between communities on the ground in Latin America and the policymakers and funders who are collaborating with them ...

A pigeon-inspired robot has solved the mystery of how birds fly without the vertical tail fins that human-designed aircraft rely on. Its makers say the prototype could eventually lead to passenger aircraft with less drag, reducing fuel consumption. Tail fins, also known as vertical stabilisers, allow aircraft to turn from side to side and help avoid changing direction unintentionally. Some military planes, such as the Northrop B-2 Spirit, are designed without a tail fin because it makes them less visible to radar. Instead, they use flaps that create extra drag on just one side when needed, but this is an inefficient solution. Birds have no vertical fin and also don’t seem to deliberately create asymmetric drag. David Lentink at the University of Gronin...